Bullying and School Coexistence in the Return to Class of Primary School Students after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence Collected in Peru

Bullying is a public health problem widely discussed by both academics and education professionals. It is a permanent behaviour of violence that could be physical, verbal, psychological and even sexual, which discredits the victim and places him/her in a situation of fragility in his/her environment. The objectives of this research were to determine the levels of bulling (and its dimensions);to determine the levels of school coexistence (and its dimensions);and finally to analyse the relationship between bullying and school coexistence (and its dimensions) in an educational institution located in Cajamarca, Peru in the first year back to school after the pandemic caused by COVID-19. The study presented a quantitative approach, with a descriptive and correlational level, and a non-experimental design. According to the literature explored, bullying has 4 dimensions (physical bullying, verbal bullying, sexual bullying and psychological bullying), while school coexistence has 3 dimensions (inclusive coexistence, democratic coexistence and peaceful coexistence). The population consisted of 120 students in the sixth grade of primary education, of both sexes, from a school located in Cajamarca, in northern Peru. Two instruments were used: the school bullying questionnaire (with 56 items) and the school coexistence questionnaire (with 37 items). Both instruments showed validity and reliability after being tested. Among the results, it was observed that most of the schoolchildren presented bullying at low level (57.5%), followed by medium level (22.5%) and high level (20.0%);on the other hand, regarding the school coexistence variable, the low level was 36.0%, the medium level 53.0% and the high level 11.0%. Finally, it was determined that bullying is significantly related to school coexistence (p. < 0.001);as for the intensity of the correlation, it is negative and moderate (r = -0.551), the greater the bullying in school contexts, the lower the school coexistence in this space. © 2023 Ocupa-Cabrera et al.

Perception of Humanised Care in Hospitalised Patients in a Public Institution in Post-Pandemic Lima, Peru

Objective: To determine the level of perception of hospitalised patients in a public institution in post-pandemic, Lima-Peru. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, non-experimental design.280 patients from the medical service. An instrument with characteristics of humanised nursing care was used, which was subjected to validation and reliability. Results: It is evident that the majority of patients perceive humanised care as favourable to moderately favourable. The dimensions that stand out according to their importance are prioritising the cared-for person, nurse characteristics, proactivity and emotional support. It is concluded that humanised care in post-pandemic is key to sustain the work of caring, where the patient in a condition of vulnerability and exhaustion as a result of the disease, needs care with high professional competencies, soft skills and a safe environment, to ensure strengthening the users' perception of the quality of the health services provided. It is evident that nurses have the capacity for resilience in adverse environments;however, training and coaching are essential for them to be able to apply coping strategies and avoid emotional exhaustion in their work. © 2023 Meneses-La-Riva.

Entrepreneurship Research in Times of COVID-19: Experiences from South America

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has had diverse effects on the population and businesses. Due to their low visibility, there is a significant knowledge gap for the scientific community regarding the situation of South American entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this systematic review aims to answer the following research questions: What scientific evidence is available on entrepreneurship in South America during the COVID-19 pandemic? From which countries do the studies originate? What conclusions do they present, and what lessons can be learned from them? The Scopus and Scielo databases were explored in this systematic review. Due to the diversity of languages in which articles from this region are published, searches were conducted in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. In each case, we searched for results containing the words COVID-19 and entrepreneurship (emprendimiento in Spanish, empreendedorismo in Portuguese) in the title, , or keywords. The initial search produced 783 records, which were filtered based on seven criteria, resulting in 15 articles. The final articles identified had corresponding authors affiliated with South American institutions. We conclude that, in South America, some entrepreneurs recognize the importance of maintaining the economic stability of their employees and communities in addition to sustaining their businesses. Their actions serve as case studies of resilience and perseverance in adverse circumstances. © 2023 by the authors.

Educational policies in response to the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus in Latin America: An integrative documentary review

Educational policies in the face of the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus took an unexpected turn in Latin America. Virtuality constituted a key opportunity for the continuity of basic fundamental services in the citizen's right to education. The objective of this research was to analyze the educational public policies adopted by governments in Latin America in the face of the pandemic. The methodology was an integrative documentary review of the main international organizations whose documents provided relevant information on the actions to be implemented in fourteen Latin American countries. The results obtained show that the priority was to reestablish the continuity of educational services using mass communication resources, such as radio, television, digital platforms, making visible the inequity in the access to the Internet at home. It was also identified a deficiency in the competencies and digital resources of the educational community, dis-crimination and inclusion of people with some type of disability or different languages, especially in urban or rural areas because they do not have technological means. It was concluded that the educational policies in Latin America proposed during the COVID-19 period were designed with-out a real situational diagnosis in each country, to meet the demands of urban and rural areas in an equitable manner with the will of governments, providing budgets and resources that benefit the educational community, as an achievement of state policies.

Psychological well-being and suicide orientation in teachers in Norte de Santander during COVID -19 confinement

The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between psychological well-being and suicidal orientation in teachers from Norte de Santander during the COVID-19 confinement, implementing a methodology with a positivist approach, a non-experimentaldesign ofcross-sectional correlational scope, with a sample of 86 teachers from Norte de Santander. The findings obtained correspond to the identification of psychological well-being and the evaluation of suicidal orientation. Finally, the respective correlation between the variables was carried out. In conclusion, it is possible to determine that the population studied does not present anomalies in psychological well-being and suicidal orientation, taking into account the unforeseen change due to the confinement of COVID-19 and the new workload assignments. © 2022 Academia Nacional de Medicina. All rights reserved.

Behaviours and Characteristics of Digital Natives Throughout the Teaching-Learning Process: A Systematic Review of Scientific Literature from 2016 to 2021

Information and communication technologies have generated transformations in the behaviour of digital native university students, which affect the teaching-learning process in the scenario of the Covid-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to systematize the scientific evidence on university teaching strategies related to the behaviour of digital natives and the characteristics of their learning. The method employed was a systematic review of scientific articles from the EbscoHost, Scopus, Proquest, Eric and Scielo databases through the Boolean operators AND and OR. Initially, 51 638 records were obtained, of which only 26 met the inclusion criteria (years of publication, language, subject matter, free availability). The results show in the articles that most digital natives actively use social networks on a daily basis, while others conduct research or produce digital content with varying degrees of difficulty, some adapt quickly to new innovations related to technology, and many easily multitask and perform self-regulated learning, while demanding a more flexible teaching where learning is fast and practical. However, the attention of digital natives is dissipated by other interests such as social networks (generating cyber laziness), a situation that can lead to antisocial behaviour and self-exclusion from physical reality (phubbing). In conclusion, digital natives require greater attention from their university teachers, who must innovate in the teaching-learning process using the virtual environment, raising the interest of digital natives, to generate an autonomous learning where they can strengthen their skills and competencies for the achievement of their professional development. © 2022 Vitvitskaya et al.

Ecotourism in Times of Covid-19: A Systematic Review from the Five Continents on How This Activity is Being Carried out and What Proposals They Have for the near Future

The emergence of the covid-19 virus has prompted governments in several countries to close their international borders, close transportation routes and decree quarantines as a public health measure to prevent the spread of the virus among the population. Globally, essential businesses have continued to operate, while others such as tourism must wait. Ecotourism is a sustainable activity that attracts tourists concerned about the environment and local culture, which generates income for the locals. In order to have a broader picture of how the ecotourism sector is dealing with covid-19, a systematic review was conducted to identify Scopus records detailing such evidence disclosed from 2020 to the first quarter of 2021. As results, records were identified in the five continents, which agree that the pandemic has negatively affected the income of local people, who have been forced to close their businesses and even perform illegal acts;however, there are also encouraging proposals of economic reactivation plans presented by villagers, who expect the opening of this activity to operate keeping all the health safety measures decreed by their governments. © 2021 Sciendo. All rights reserved.

Developing a Training Web Application for Improving the COVID-19 Diagnostic Accuracy on Chest X-ray.

In December 2019, a new coronavirus known as 2019-nCoV emerged in Wuhan, China. The virus has spread globally and the infection was declared pandemic in March 2020. Although most cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are mild, some of them rapidly develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. In the clinical management, chest X-rays (CXR) are essential, but the evaluation of COVID-19 CXR could be a challenge. In this context, we developed COVID-19 TRAINING, a free Web application for training on the evaluation of COVID-19 CXR. The application included 196 CXR belonging to three categories: non-pathological, pathological compatible with COVID-19, and pathological non-compatible with COVID-19. On the training screen, images were shown to the users and they chose a diagnosis among those three possibilities. At any time, users could finish the training session and be evaluated through the estimation of their diagnostic accuracy values: sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and global accuracy. Images were hand-labeled by four thoracic radiologists. Average values for sensitivity, specificity, and global accuracy were .72, .64, and .68. Users who achieved better sensitivity registered less specificity (p < .0001) and those with higher specificity decreased their sensitivity (p < .0001). Users who sent more answers achieved better accuracy (p = .0002). The application COVID-19 TRAINING provides a revolutionary tool to learn the necessary skills to evaluate COVID-19 on CXR. Diagnosis training applications could provide a new original manner of evaluation for medical professionals based on their diagnostic accuracy values, and an efficient method to collect valuable data for research purposes.